CHAPTER 08. AN OUTLINE OF THE SOCIAL DEFAULT IN TERMS OF AUGMENTED BEHAVIOURISM.

· INTRODUCTION.

· PART ONE - [T] FIELD THEORY OF ASSOCIATIONISM.

· PART TWO - PROCESS OF SOCIAL DEFAULT.

· PART THREE - AN AUGMENTATION OF THE BEHAVIOURIST

ASSUMPTION. (SIMPLICITY TO COMPLEXITY.)

Introduction.

This section of 'numbers and agreements' will present an objectivist and mechanistic view of behaviour that is entirely derivable by chemical responses.

The appearance of 'soul-less' chemical descriptions for the transactions and activity of Being, however, in no way precludes 'Divinity' as a legitimate discourse. The reality appears to be in this case, not: 'if consciousness arises in matter', but how much of soul consciousness is being withheld from material discourse. This issue will be addressed in a later section in terms of Ethnographic distortion in artefacts and information.

PART 1. [T] ASSOCIATIONISM

Associations arise in the biology of memory.

Part 1 will outline a model for the biology of associationism.

Aristotle, in his Essay on memory proposed three relations between observed elements that led to the formation of associations.

1. similarity

2. contrast

3. contiguity

4. to which I would add 'biological performance'

e.g. diet, age, damage.

The excitation strength of the stimulus, its recency and frequency will drive the formation of new associations and re-inforce or contradict older associations causing associative distortion or 'interference'.

Vividness a strong sense of unique identity within the congruence of a given context with time may persist or diminish with time.

The recency and intensity of excitation if persistently applied and re-inforced would forge associative chains in context. These would perhaps facilitate new learning strategies in the future.

Contrast is another means by which one learns associations, this may be perceived as 'incongruence' in any social context. The levels of intensity of which contend in inverse proportion with that which is Similar.

Perceptions therefore when confronted by an unusual learning situation that require adaptation must identify both contextual congruence, through the similarity of previous learning and experience and that which is truly incongruent.

By observing and measuring the transactions within the new congruence and incongruence, one may isolate that which is unique and unfamiliar by excluding the new versions of 'similar'. Re-establishing and chaining through backward association, previous similarities to the current similarity, behavioural 'levelling' or acclimatisation can occur.

A new Associative Field Theory.

Using the tripartite essentialist system [T] which is an objectivist psychology driven by the basic rules of physical and chemical interactions, emergence and chaos theory, field theory etc, it becomes possible to construct a functional picture of associationism that uses simple rules to account for complex processes.

The [T]; personality, memory and cognition may therefore comprise of three distinct zones plus a learning modality or postponement created by biological chaos (X)

1. chronologically remote associations.

X. atemporal trauma-based disassociation.

2. chronologically 'mediate' or middle distance memory.

3. current and contextually emergent associative facilitation.

This system of association can be therefore meaningfully modelled using the Language [A], where its 27 possible events at time1 become a complete and limited picture of [1-729] associational states of integrity or disintegrity in any given context at time2.

Trauma, here, does not relinquish the right of the individual to re-educate for better health and success as it may be viewed as a temporal postponement of life chances and goals.

If the traumatised individuals goals are irretrievable due to contextual circumstances however, then other mediate associations that could be both productive and relatively undamaged could be identified.

A strategy for healing a trauma victim may therefore be to reach back in associative time for a mediate associative and creative strategy that was underused, misused or previously underdeployed or undeployed and re-stream the associative consciousness towards a desirable goal in a new social context.

[T] Psychology has the following semantic structure in any Context C.

MACRO Remote Association

MESO Mediate Association

MICRO Emergent Associative Facilitation in Context.

A sense of Biological comfort in any given social or peer group zone is denoted as 'Levelling' in both Lewin's Field theory in psychology and in Köhler's.

Lewin noted that there was observable biochemical credence to the distribution patterns of individuals and social groups.

Wolfgang Köhler, a contemporary, posited that physical biology is not independent of electromagnetic lines of force and that the psychological process can be driven by and even 'dependent' on the electromagnetic spectrum.

The equilibrium between individual parameters and individual strengths is in continual interaction and challenge with the physical world, its parameters, stressors and excitators.

[e.g. forward and backward chaining, inhibitors etc]

Associative Field Theory, therefore, presents a unifying behaviourist model driven entirely by physical objectivism i.e. non-arbitrary physical (Universal) laws.

A [T] Psychological World Model for individual learning and a socially successful individual would have the creative output of the individual facilitated on a platform of social interaction.

i.e.

MACRO CONTEXT AND INDIVIDUAL

MESO BIOLOGICAL COMFORT ZONE

MICRO CONTEXT AND WORLD

In this situation, the individual is comfortable with the world and can relate to and operate within and transfer values, information and assets to the world. This is called 'levelling' by Lewin [1952].

In contrast, where the transference gradient runs against the individual because of unfamiliar social or environmental placement or inappropriate learning strategies in either past and, or present - the individual may become relatively 'uncomfortable' and disassociate from the learning environment. This is called 'sharpening' by Lewin [1952].

i.e.

MACRO CONTEXT AND WORLD

MESO BIOLOGICALLY INTOLERABLE PERSONAL SPACE

MICRO CONTEXT AND INDIVIDUAL

The objectivism of [T] when added to previous research into the Philosophy and Empiricism of Mind which also includes the much more relevant massive computational research of the late 20th century can solve the major paradoxes of psychological doctrine.

None of the ideas from a [T] based Psychology would have been possible without the freedom of global information and publication facilitated by a very highly technological Society.

Such information from which to draw comparison by analysis was not available to; Kant, Hume etc, and neither was such a level of scientific empiricism available to Newton or Darwin, or indeed Einstein.

Although the traditional British 19th Century empiricist philosophers (Locke, Berkley, Hume, and Mills and Bentham in the 20th Century etc.) wrote copiously about their feelings about good social performance, it was left to the scientific approach beginning with Ebbinghaus in 1885, and Pavlov in 1904, and then Thorndike's work on association called 'connectionism' c.a. 1940's to become the rational foundation upon which Watson c.a. 1940's built behaviourism.

This took associationism out of the realm of 'sensations' and 'ideas' into the methodology of empiricism with its 'stimulii' and 'responses'. These could be objectively measured as behavioural responses.

In recent years writes Reber, 1985, associationism has 'lost some of its explanatory power in fields such as; perception, cognition, psycholinguistics, developmental psychology and the like mostly because of the compelling feeling that most cognitive processes are too complex to yield to an analysis based simply on associative connections.'

Edelman in his research into biological chaos and complexity sought to bridge the gap in reality that the Cognitive Sciences had subsequently created in the Philosophy of Mind, by using a computer sciences approach to psychology and intelligence. Neurobiological and linguistic research in the latter half of the 20th Century assumed that 'people behave according to knowledge made up of symbolic mental representations. Cognition consists of the manipulation of these symbols. .. The efficacy of such processes resides in the possibility of interpreting items as symbols in an abstract and well-defined way, according to a set of unequivocal rules.' p13.

Edelman's issue was that 'the mind cannot proceed 'liberally' - that is (Cognitivism) was disregarding a large body of evidence that undermines the view that the brain is a kind of computer. (Cognitivism), ignores evidence showing that the way in which the categorisation of objects and events occurs in animals does not at all resemble logic or computation.'

Edelman as a scientist rejects the inherent irrationality within classic views of essentialism no doubt because of their ultimately arbitrary nature and performance within the Universality of domains, objects and labels.

Tripartite Essentialism, however is an Objectivist Essentialism that predicates upon the sufficiency and universality of simple physical laws of transaction to describe both the behaviour of the world and the behaviour of the mind.

In Chapter 3 of his book called 'Bright Air, Brilliant Fire' pub. Penguin 1994, ISBN 0-14-017244-0, Edelman quotes James Clerk Maxwell 'The only laws of matter are those which our minds must fabricate, and the only laws of mind are fabricated for it by matter.'

Edelman found that although the mind was driven by biology, it also was confronted simultaneously with the Turing problem that halted the computational models of the Cognitivist school of Artificial Intelligence.

i.e. an infinity of labels and objects confounds rational deductive thought.

Tripartite Essentialism overcomes the Turing problem both in computational logic and in behaviourism as it is solely dependent on a basic and universal transaction model of; some A to some B through some common C (and or in relation to some other intervening modality D).

This found variously and universally in Nature as Maxwell had predicted as; Fajan's Rules in Chemistry, Osmosis in Biology, Ohm's Law in electricity, Field Theory in Psychology by both Köhler and Lewin.

The brain as a [T] Essentialist computer answering to the logic of function and context becomes a more viable proposition than simply discarding the computer model as Edelmann is currently led to do.

In modern research into a behavioural programming system called Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP), remote associations formed during the years of youth may have produced various types of sensory-associated psychology, linguistics and behaviour that manifest in their current social vocabulary.

e.g. 1 'tactile' ('I feel that ....')

e.g. 2 'visual' ('I see that .....')

e.g. 3 'auditory' ('I hear that ...') etc.

Here is the assertion from social data that the being is led to associate with their strongest senses and that these associations take logical computational structures.

Subsequent and arbitrary biological deterioration of the senses during some intervening years between youth and the present may have caused a requirement for a life strategy for sensory fulfilment to change.

For example, the person today may realistically derive social success from being an 'auditory' person.

However, biological trauma or deterioration in the intervening years between youth and the present may have caused the retention of a redundant associative vocabulary that depresses the individuals expectations. More recent strategies to re-implement youthful sensory expectations may have caused inappropriate social returns and therefore a feeling of personal (and biological) insufficiency.

The biology and gerontology of the body are seen to direct and drive the psychology of behaviour.

The older personality may then have a crisis of and expression and social recourse, where modes of expression are now felt to be inadequate.

Any number of biological and systemic catastrophes and sensory injuries may render remote memories and associative driving dysfunctional.

In NLP, therefore, if a person says that ('I see that ..'), they may not immediately be classified as a 'visual' personality if they are wearing glasses illustrating massive optical compensation. It may be, however, that the optical trauma created an associative inhibition and that no new learning strategy has since evolved because of this.

[T] Field Theory in Associology, which incorporates Objectivist and Behaviourist approaches may have recourse to a more complicated and context-sensitive version of NLP. It is the [T] Psychology strategy, however, that enables a recursion-free, context-sensitive, objective and programmable Philosophy of Mind to supersede the relatively uninformed dilemmas of the 20th Century.

There follows an outline of a [T] Psychology social strategy that models an empirical approach to social and psychological failure or rules default in the context of the tools of psychology being utilised as a vehicle facilitating social recovery.

PART 3. SOCIAL DEFAULT AND PSYCHOTIC

INDIVIDUALITY.

The individual, having defaulted on some social rules has been confronted with a situation where their social expectations have been aberrantly compromised.

Has, therefore, the driving cause been inflicted by self or other?

(1). Biological Disorientation.

(2). Other Disorientation.

(3). Simultaneous failure.

(4). Personal coping strategy.

(1). BIOLOGICAL DISORIENTATION.

Human biological reproductive cycles produce in both sexes of humanity large infusions of hormones from the endocrine system. Whether at puberty, where further androgens and oestrogens further mature sexual potential. In the elderly, the sudden decline of such hormones at menopause may also alter behaviour.

The 'hysterical' (as pertaining to womb) female patients of Dr Jung and Dr Freud may also have been responding to the cycles of the moon within their reproductive behaviours and attitudes.

The Biological disorientation may also result from some systemic failure in the organs or bones that may have a physical disease. psychological integrity and associational strategies of the individual have been compromised by the innate biological drive (endocrine system). This has exacerbated any inadequacy within peer group performance and also degrees of perception of social rejection. The degree of social compromise may be at its most severe in more unusual and inaccessible social groups. These may be appreciated by the individual, but where in undue stress cannot now be facilitated by the individual's lack of perspective on the danger presented to (his) disintegrating psychology by the internal dynamics of the unfamiliar group.

Social appeasement constructs would be influenced by biochemical disorientation caused by gonadotropins from the endocrine system at Puberty and in sexual development and other biological cycles.

Psychological performance in this respect could also be compromised by some ongoing physical disease or poor structural and metabolic performance of the body.

(2). OTHER SOCIAL DISORIENTATION.

Other Disorientation from Second or Third party Social Damage: From Social Peer group at; home, work or play may have been unusually damaging. Also some environmental disaster resulting from unusual circumstances may have shattered their equilibrium. If the individuals social expectations have been severely traumatised then this compromise has caused a lack of re-emergent psychological stability or re-adjustment within time. Within a regulated but aberrant social context, persistent infringement and subsequent biological issues arising would increase both psychological and metabolic stress to high levels of disorientation.

The degree of inhibition within the integrity of associative constructs would require evaluative diagnostic research such that a better strategy for the recovery of the associations useful in a similar social context could be later deployed after a period of prescribed disassociative and biological rest.

Every learning situation is a stressful situation driven or facilitated by the endocrine system e.g. gonadotropins, the adrenal cortex, etc

In a traumatic situation, however, the individuals internal library of associations and personal educational tools acquired by previous associative reasoning and facilitated by; e.g. physical, chromatic and linguistic expression, has been compromised.

A traumatic interlude of social interruption has occurred such that further acquisitions have been hindered by aberrant associative constructs, either with self and, or other.

The loading in this learning situation has been excessive, therefore, deselection of the learning situation, but not the learning strategy, would enable the passage of normative time to re-establish a psychological equilibrium (in a social and facilitative context). In time, the re-application of this older and once-failed strategy, again to personal progress within society could be re-enabled under evaluation.

If subsequent damage later occurs in a more normative environment that presented stressors that were initially representative of the levels of challenge to personal acquisition and contribution then there is also a failure of education at an individual level. There the expectations within the individuals original vision of this goal-orientated social environment, had been misinformed.

Healthy progress for the individual would require mature and educated and constructive discussion.

A state of social integrity is described by Lewin K, in his 'Field Theory in Psychology' [1952] as that in which an individual experiences the nurturing, rational communality of 'levelling'. In becoming disassociated, the individual is perceived to be irrational, selfish and 'sharp'.

As far as the individual is concerned there are a few issues that would need clearing up.

(3). Simultaneous failure of Individual and Society.

Unless otherwise politicised, the needs of the many (Demos) are greater than the needs of the one (Phobos). Individual recovery from Social aberrance must be weighed against the self-esteem of the individual such that the bias, perceptions and relevance of both the personal and social incongruence experienced can be later redressed legally or later mediated by more positive associationism.

The scepticism of RC Buck on the 'Logic of general behaviour systems theory' although dismissive of any central unifying principle in physics driving simplicity and complexity does present the intellectual loading problem presented to a disorientated individual in a confusing breakdown situation very well. He criticises ..'Every system has subsystems' and taking this together with 'every system has its environment' we are indeed confronted with limitless vistas of systems. One is unable to think of anything, or of any combination of things, which could not be regarded as a system. And, of course, a concept that applies to everything is logically empty.' Applying Buck's quotations to a badly behaving student worker e.g. at a badly behaving government fish farm and the dilemmas and arbitrary contradictions to social responsibilities that the confused people must produce .. The failing student may attempt to grasp their predicament.

'What would it be like to disprove the statement that every system had subsystems? If general systems theory can answer this question, the answer should certainly be provided. For such an answer would have to include a criterion for recognising something which is not a system; and possession of such a criterion would help immeasurably in clarifying the central concept of a system.

An important part of the significance of any concept is given by its contrast, by knowing the kinds of things to which it does not apply. And the trouble with the concept of system here, as I see it, is that this contrast is absent. here, rather, the situation seems to be that statements such as 'I am a system', 'the membership committee is a system', 'the economy of the United States is a system', 'the species salmon, is a system' - that these statements, in the language of general systems theory, couldn't even be false.'

Buck's scepticism is used here to illustrate the disintegrity and subsequent recourse to reduced coping strategies and socialisation facing an individual identity under biological stress. In this example an untrained from a different class background is confronted with high levels of social expectation and high levels of both personal and social failure at a bad time in (his) life. The fish worker insufficiently educated for a government lab job, where the lab itself was also cutting corners in staff training etc

With no recourse to 'Contrast', the incongruence of such a social situation will fail such an identity and social sharpening [Lewin] will ensue.

A. Is Society Incredible because;

(i) (he) is personally useless because of parental history and

personal and social education and social positioning by parents.

(ii) (he) is socially useless because of the lack of class education

and peer group support and social opportunity and resources.

(iii) unimaginable factors from outwith (his) remit have imposed.

e.g. socio-economic success or failure e.g. 'anomie theory'

(Durkheim E)

B. Is Personal failure, if any, caused by;

(i) insufficient education.

(ii) insufficient biological capacity to attenuate prevalent social

stressors and to overcome inhibitory associations.

(iii) insufficient use of social structures, class and peer groups in a

personal context.

C. Is Social failure, if any, due to;

(i) lack of educational provision

(ii) lack of a discernible pathway to personal evolution and growth in a fractured class ontology e.g. socially endorsed addictive

lifestyle.

(iii) a lack of patronage for differences amongst individuals such that every aspect of society solicited appears indifferent to any

unique contribution that would emerge from such a life.

If society is seen to fail, then it is evident that a lack of social imagination exists that cannot facilitate the socially diverse. A lack of coherence in the social structures such that there is impoverished communality and sharpening between peer and class groups, then this society in possession of no regard for life and self-esteem should not be patronised.

(4). Personal coping strategy - 'the analytic defence'.

Where a traumatic interlude of social interruption has occurred such that further acquisitions have been hindered by aberrant associative constructs either with self or other, a personal coping strategy is needed to seal with the overloading and distortion of perceptions. The loading in this learning situation has been excessive therefore, de-selection of the learning situation but not the learning strategy would enable time to re-establish a normative psychological equilibrium in a social context - with which to re-apply this strategy for social progress.

The overloaded individual has found that their personal analytic strategy has failed because of the disintegration and subsequent dysfunction of their personal intellectual themes and associations.

The self analytic strategy in many ways is doomed to failure because the strategy itself will produce disintegration of personal intellectual themes and associations and produce consequent social dysfunction.

It becomes necessary to develop a recovery strategy that will incrementally but tangentially precipitate the creative intellectual ontology of the individual into similar areas of interest.

These areas of social information, although similar would be intellectually new or contain different ideas about the previously failed social process that utilise a different set of transferable skills.

This will enable any associative damage to partially or indeed wholly recuperate - whilst divorcing the application of the healing intellect into the identification of new ideas without prejudice, whilst employing the previously damaged ontology to good effect.

This partially unconscious re-inforcement will eventually facilitate the recovery of the self-esteem that was degraded by a previous intellectual and creative failure in the face of high velocity [Lewin's 'sharpening'] social prejudice.

PART 3. AN OUTLINE OF AUGMENTED BEHAVIOURISM USING COMPLEXITY MODELS DRIVEN BY THE SIMPLICITY OF FAJAN'S RULES.

· The Physical Theory of Objectivism or biochemical Existentialism or Behaviourism.

· Augmentation of the Behaviourist assumption.

· New Neuroscience Theory partially enabled by the research of Gerald Edelman.

· Reprioritizing the research of Kurt Lewin and Wolfgang Köhler.

The Behaviourist Assumption - an objectivist, physical theory.

Such redundant societies, that can offer no life or beneficial transaction, can be perceived to follow the basic instincts of pain and pleasure derived from the biology of animal behaviour. These ideas were to be pursued in the 19th Century by researcher and philosopher Thomas Carlyle in his essays on Chartism. [Sartor Resartus, 1865]

Carlyle was perplexed by the insufficiency of moral and social explanation for ongoing disintegrative and nihilistic behaviour arising from previously facilitated individuals, usually of lower class.

The doctrine that embodied animal instincts of pain and pleasure and aversion as necessary social tools for the growth, communication and control of the un-intelligent arose first with Bentham, then became more refined by John Stuart Mill c.1843 CE in the doctrine of 'Utilitarianism'.

The basic biochemical instincts of social life as driven by the endocrine system, the adrenal cortex and the gonadotropins, reduced human society to the level of Simian constructs in; e.g. aggression, co-operative groupings, grooming and play.

In terms, even of Adam Smith's Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations [1776], each social transaction will carry the most benefit to the individual at the least cost to the individual.

'Members of bands of humans and social carnivores co-operate in hunting and protecting captured game and share, more or less amiably, the large quantities of food at kill. Co-operative interactions also play a role in the defense of the group against outside threats of various sorts. Importantly, co-operation extends only to members of one's own tightly knit social unit; strangers are generally excluded, attacked, driven-off, or even killed.

Competitor carnivores of other species are treated hostilely as well. These attributes contribute to the defense of an economic base that will support a clan of large voracious predators. [Kruuk, H 1972, Mech, LD, 1970, Schaller GB 1972, in 'Animal Behaviour - an evolutionary approach' Alcock J pub. Sinauer Associates 1975 ISBN 0-87893-022-1].

Concludes Alcock .. ' Thus the special selection pressures associated with the niches of hunters have resulted in the evolution of behavioural similarities between unrelated animals (a primate and four carnivores) and substantial divergence between related species (humans and other primates, which are more purely herbivorous). 'Cultural pressures can suppress or exaggerate sex-linked behaviour as well as act as a selective force on populations .. but the key point is .. 'that the evolution of human reproductive and sexual behaviour owes a great deal to the unique ecological pressures operating on humans and rather little to our primate ancestry. The special factors associated with (human) hunting and gathering activity favoured stable pair bonding between mates. (for the facilitation of tool making intelligence in the young.) Reproduction is intimately linked with hunting behaviour and a division of labour between the sexes, as well as with the evolution of intelligence and increased brain size. All these factors have affected the nature of human courtship and copulation, which have been heavily modified (in humans) because they not only serve to produce offspring but contribute to pair formation and the prolonged child care suitable for the helpless big-brained progeny of a hunter-gatherer.'

Alcock's behaviourism was essentially attempting to incorporate an additional gestation period into the human-animal lifecycle - a gestation period for intelligent capacity and species evolution through toolmaking.

Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE who was a 'Greek' soldier and man of letters, writes in his Memorabilia, while purporting to provide an account of the life and teachings of the philosopher Socrates, reflects an aristocratic ideal of relations between the sexes ... 'plainly we look for wives who will produce the best children for us, and marry them to raise a family. The husband supports the wife who is to share in the production of his family, and provides in advance whatever he thinks the expected children will find useful for life, on as generous a scale as possible. The wife conceives and bears her burden. She suffers pains and endangers her life; she gives away the food that sustains her. She goes through a period of labour, gives birth and brings up the child with care.

She has had no blessing in advance. The baby does not know its helper, and cannot convey its needs. She has to guess what is good for it and will satisfy it, and tries to provide these to the full. She cares for the baby night and day laboriously for a long period, with no expectation of reward.'

[Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.2.4-5]

In John Ferguson and Kitty Chisholm (eds) (1978) Political and Social Life in the Great Age of Athens, London, Open University p.147.

The step up from the simian research of Robert Ardrey, Anthony Storr and Konrad Lorenz suggested by Alcock is that as well as having a 'Territorial Imperative' fuelled by instinctual aggression and reproductive need, there is an imperative for the invention of tools that will address and solve any emergent environmental problem.

These tools or artefacts in [T] Psychology are both objects and information that are intended to solve or represent personal or social difficulty arising out of environmental and social problems. [Chant C and Goodman C, 'Pre-industrial Cities and Technology', 1999 pub. Routledge, Open University.] also, in Chant and Goodman, 1999, V. G Childe's 'Urban Revolution' was powered by an increase in tools, social efficiency and organised and informed settlements.

Evolutionary Biology produced politicians and their tools of policy. The politician Demosthenes (384-322 BCE) was 'the greatest Athenian orator' of the ostentatious Sophist and elite schools of fourth century Athens. He suggested in pursuit of social efficiency .. 'If an alien man cohabits with a female citizen in any way whatsoever, anyone who wishes and has the right shall indict him before the Thesmothetae. If he is convicted, he and his property shall be sold, and one third given to the successful prosecutor ..'

Roman Senators during the Republican era (510-27 BCE) had such scope of finance and personal power to both organise and undermine massive civic works such as the aqueducts. [Chant C, Goodman D, 1999, 'Pre-industrial Cities and Technology' ]

The regulation of social pain and pleasure is therefore an ancient pursuit on Earth.

Nevertheless such instincts to pain and pleasure were written into the history of psychology with recurring re-inforcement, as both intellectual and elite, first by Bentham and then by John Stuart Mill in the doctrine of Utilitarianism. [c.1900's]

The need for a good imperative to social and collective tool making has to surpass the simplistic behaviourist model. There, in states of 'levelling' as described by Lewin, the Human Being has recourse to exploration, research and development. In times of biological 'fortification', surplus resources and the re-inforcements created by successful, personal, social and reproductive successful activity drive evolutionary activity in society.

Bertalanffy LV takes this activity away from the arbitrary by use of a general systems approach. In his general Systems Theory, p220, hew writes 'in contrast to physical forces like gravity or electricity, the phenomena of life are found only in individual entities called organisms. Any organism is a system, that is, a dynamic order of parts and processes standing in mutual interaction (Bertalanffy, 1949a, p,11). Similarly, psychological phenomena are found only in individualized entities which in man are called personalities. 'Whatever else personality may be, it has the property of a system' (G. Allport, 19612, p. 109). 'Even without 'external stimuli', the organism is not a passive but an intrinsically active system.

.. recent research shows with increasing clarity that autonomous activity of the nervous system, resting in the system itself, is to be considered primary. In evolution and development, reactive mechanisms appear to be super-imposed upon primitive, rhythmic-locomotor activities. The stimulus (i.e., a change in external conditions) does not cause a process in an otherwise inert system; it only modifies processes in an autonomously active system' (Bertalanffy, 1937, pp.133ff.; also 1960).

The living organism maintains a disequilibrium called the steady state of an open system and thus is able to dispense existing potentials or 'tensions' in spontaneous activity or in response to releasing stimuli; it even advances towards higher order and organization.'

'The robot (animal behaviourist) model, only partly covers animal behaviour and does not cover an essential portion of human behaviour at all. Autonomous activity is the most primitive form of behaviour (Von Bertalanffy, 1949a; Carmichael, 1954; Herrick, 1956; Von Holst, 1937; Schiller, 1957; H. Werner 1957a); it is found in brain function (Hebb, 1949) and in psychological processes. The discovery of activating systems in the brain stem (Berlyne, 1960; Hebb, 1955; Magoun, 1958) has emphasized this fact in recent years. Natural behaviour (for man) encompasses innumerable activities beyond the Stimulus and Response scheme, from exploring, play, and rituals in animals (Schiller, 1957) to economic, intellectual, aesthetic, religious, and the like pursuits to self-realization and creativity in man. Even rats seem to 'look' for problems (Hebb, 1955), and the healthy child and adult are going far beyond the reduction of tensions or gratification of needs in innumerable activities that cannot be reduced to primary or secondary drives (G. Allport, 1961, p90)

I depart from Bertalanffy there, as all behaviour and all transactions and intercourse arise in the world of the chemical and physical and operate to the physical dictates of some A to some B through some common C perhaps with an intercession of some modality D). This assertion by myself, does not preclude an animatic argument or a stance in Divinity that instantiates and then incorporates the Divine origins of consciousness.

My [T] stance is further substantiated by John Dewey's 'Instrumentalism'

'If we want to find continuity in nature, we must regard every event from the point of view of the function it performs. Dewey maintains that we can classify events in terms of the degrees of complexity exhibited in their behaviour. .... Dewey argues that the emergence of living beings in the course of natural events does not imply a breach of continuity. It only means 'that the physical things have acquired new properties, those of ability to produce a peculiar kind of interactive support of needs from surrounding media'. In his 'Logic' Dewey makes this idea of interaction central and traces the processes of reasoning to their existential socio-cultural bases. Thus he defines sensibility as 'the capacity' of living beings 'to preserve' their 'pattern of behaviour'. He describes 'feelings' which human beings have, not as something superadded to a physical thing, ab extra, but as 'a newly actualized quality acquired by events previously occurring on a physical level, when these events come into more extensive and delicate relationship of interaction.' [Sathaye S G, 'Instrumentalism - a methodological exposition of the philosophy of John Dewey' pub. 1972, Popular Prakashan, Bombay.]

Jewey, 1929, in the absence of massive computation would have found it difficult to empirically research the 'increasingly complex and intimate interactions amongst natural events' e.g. Chaos Theory of [Mandelbrot B , 1975, Fractals, IBM]

The basic underlying laws of [T] Relativity provide a formal framework to assert the 'a priori' status of continuity upon the physical theory and its biological and behavioural implications.

In humans and simians, the biochemical activity resulting from a combination of diet, good mating and genes is responsible for the behavioural impetus in; survival, adaptation and in the operation of dominance hierarchy. The best served adrenal glands and endocrine system produce the best aggressive behaviour, and in man, ultimately the best cognitive strategy for tool making and problem solving in e.g. defence of food stocks or the herd.

Behaviourism and its biochemical descriptions is sufficient to explain the need for social and species information transfers at all levels of systemic organisation and environmental interactions in biology.

The biological robot is of course an unenlightened tragedy as millennia of passionate disputes on this Earth bear witness to.

The best served adrenal glands producing the best aggressive behaviour and territorial displays drive the hierarchy from the top down, creating; alpha, beta and gamma (recessive) attributes in individuals.

The larger anthropoid 'energy packets' donate structural integrity to the colony by driving the biochemical sustenance-intake strategies of the herd down a psychological transference gradient maintained by the gradation of the relatively biochemically strong down to the relatively biochemically weak.

This induces relatively great degrees of recognition of innate biological necessities within the group.

The law-like activity of 'relatively efficient biochemical packets' has been noted and described by Lewin [1952] as applicable to Human psychology and behaviour.

In humanity, the psychological precepts of self-recognition by 'cognitive impact' as noted by Lewin and Karsten although applicable, do not convey the true effects of the central priority within the human version of this transaction and the velocity as it can be felt at its most socially extreme and 'unsocial.'

i.e. the velocity of the dominant versus the recessive identity or challenger.

In humanity, full of complex information processes, and behavioural descriptions, one can often tell if some transactions are usual and if perhaps we have been very, very unlucky. This may incur a great sense of intelligent 'shame' or social redundancy if left arbitrarily unaddressed.

In the song called 'the Boxer' by Simon and Garfunkel, nowhere in the 20th Century has the feeling of social redundancy been better expressed, as the incessant brutality and velocity of the incongruent and the dominant, strikes a chord with the repressed and vulnerable. A young man in the 'company of strangers' running scared and running away from home as a youth, seeks out shelter from the dangerous heights of social violence amongst the 'poorer quarters where the ragged people go'. Finding that the New York city winters were bleeding him and that he was living a lie by assuming that his being was relevant to society, he eventually comes to terms with his identity. That he is separate by traumatic disassociation from society and he has nowhere to go.'

[Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits, CBS, 1973. catalog. 69003]

According to Karsten in 'Psychische Sattigung, Psychol. Forsch. 1928(10) 142-154, 'the velocity with which an activity is satiated increases with the degree to which the activity is psychologically central (as against peripheral). Lewin states 'This proposition has the nature of a general law, e.g. a law should be accepted as valid only if it is not contradicted by data in any branch of psychology - in this sense, a law should always be general.

The combination of a number of forces acting at the same point at a given time is called the resultant force and drives the relationship between force of world and behaviour of self.

Whenever a force different from zero exists, there is either a 'locomotion' in the direction of that resultant force or a change in cognitive structure equivalent to this locomotion. The reverse holds: whenever a 'locomotion' proceeds or change of structure results, the resultant forces are measured to exist in that direction.

Wolfgang Köhler in addition to Lewin's biological behaviourism added that beings did not exist independently of electromagnetic lines of force and were part of the same physical field that could allegedly be observed as spatial orientations within physically observable empirical biology.

Perceptions humanity have of time and matter are only partial and ‘temporarily’ flawed. e.g. Energy, matter, time, the cycles of the moon, the tides, the seasons as they manifest within diurnal rhythms of trees, plants and crop growth etc. tie our moods by association of past life events into chains of e.g. seasonal colour and light intensity to aid, or forget, the recall of past activities etc. Our biology comprised of 90% water, is immersed in the contextual electromagnetic spectrum of the world of biological water in the biomass, hydrosphere and oceans. This biomass is under the gravitational influence of the moon. Lyall Watson in his book called 'Supernature' pub. 1974, Coronet, ISBN 0-340-18834-0, documents overwhelming empirical evidence that establishes tidal trends and electromagnetism and the cycle of the moon as driving factors in animal behaviour. Analogies of resonance and 'feeling like such and such', empathy and empathising, and 'striking a chord' and 'ringing a bell' run through the associations of the human mind.

In Neuro Linguistic Programming, NLP, the analytic psychological strategy for personal classification is based upon the individuals associations and sensory orientation. e.g. 'I hear that ..', 'I see that ..' etc

e.g. A sympathetic conversation leading to the supply of advice about personal choice of consumer products or cultural opinions elicits a transference of social energies in the form of advice to the other party. This relativity continuously in the form of the tools and artefacts and objects of information impelled by ergonomic and biological expenditure. Such biological expression must also be carried upon a bioelectric or biomagnetic carrier wave to the other individual simultaneously with the sound.

As you relate to an individual and are directing vocal and physical energy in various modes of biological expression whilst resonating or empathising with their mindset there will also be a resonant connection between the external query and the internalisation of the associative and biological response.

The external query having been mutually acceptable for the purposes of discourse then elicited a flow of information from the individual driven by (his) temporal and biological associations. This data flows as a resultant locomotive force from the individual, who is also a physical electromagnetic source of high innervation and biological activity. This nervous, biological and electrical energy flows down the gradient via the conduit of the facilitative associations the target querant put in place with the query structure that the target had empathised with.

This InterPersonal connection or IP connection, or ‘relational (social) gradient of mutually acceptable energy association and flow between two energy beings across and down a common time space medium and energy gradient.’ [e.g. Köhler, and, Kurt Lewin’s ‘Field Theory in Psychology’, [Tavistock Institute, 1952]] in truth probably does have a real numerical value in Standard Industrial Units in the electromagnetic spectrum ad deduced by Köhler.

Factors such as; the relative lack of personal and psychological symmetry with the individual and relative lack of empathy with their social style of address would introduce impedance into the flow of information. Driven by the energies of either short or long term biological association within the subject a data transaction would flow down the relationship gradient to the needy recipient or querant.

A [T] modification of Lewin's Behaviourist Model.

In suggesting or implying that Field Independent Beings are always shallow, irrational and impersonal with behaviour driven from the activities of the natural selection within chemical processes, there is need for caution.

The behaviourist and biochemical assumption that hierarchy is driven by aggression is evident as a normative standard in psychology, but it leaves two possibilities with which to evaluate the Field Independence.

(i) The Individual is anti-social

(ii) The individual is asocial.

i.e. either antagonistic or some degree of neutral.

The possibilities within sensory and environmental chaos for the emergence of complex behaviour and the perception of great intelligence and sophisticated 'a priori' knowledge amongst the perceived adaptations was a problem that confounded neuroscience research according to Edelman.

'Another set of observations brings us to psychological dilemmas of the most profound kind. They cast doubt on the idea that the complex behaviour of animals with complex brains can be explained solely by 'learning'. Indeed this crisis highlights the fundamental problem of neuroscience. How can an animal initially confront a small number of 'events' or 'objects' and after this exposure adaptively categorize or recognize an indefinite number of novel objects. (even in a variety of contexts) as being similar or identical to the small set that it first encountered?

How can an animal, in the absence of a teacher, recognize an object at all? How can it then generalize and 'construct' a 'universal' in the absence of that object or even in its presence? This kind of generalization occurs without language in animals such as pigeons.'

[Edelman G, 'Bright Air, Brilliant Fire - on the matter of the mind' pub. 1994, Penguin, ISBN 0-1401-7244-0, p.28.]

Edelman using computer modelling of the physical chemistry of brain behaviour had discovered that there was an automatic intelligence within biological constructs, that when applied to an object interacting by some process with the intelligent needs of the organism produced an adaptive or facilitative response.

In [T], this 'automatic intelligence' has a rational model.

The question of whether education in; pain, pleasure or aversion produces civilisation, [Mill JS] is addressed in this work [T], however, for neuroscience it is still a 20th Century dilemma.

Perhaps the human sophistry of our intelligence begot more ontologically creative pleasures within profit margins and static fixture investments driven, supplied and defended by other successful tool-making ventures.

The results of human intelligence, however, according to Edelman were driven from a psychology emergent from the behaviour of the physical and chemical context of our environment.

[Edelman 1994, p.160.] 'First of all, we need not reach beyond biology itself to mount any exotic explanations of the mind. No new principles need to be adduced to account for consciousness - only new evolutionary morphologies. Second, these notions, if correct, rule out a general description of the brain as a Turing machine or (arbitrary) computer.

'That consciousness arose in the material order does not restrain intellectual trade; philosophy itself is witness to this conclusion. But it does limit us, despite our capacity to extend our senses and our powers of calculation through physical devices.'

Edelman's position is that of 'qualified realism' - with recourse to natural, physical and chemical activity.

'Our description of the world is qualified by the way in which our concepts arise. And although there may be infinite freedom (within) a grammar, our language and our ideas of meaning go far beyond the rules of grammar'. 'By taking the position of biologically based epistemology, we are in some sense realists and also sophisticated materialists.' 'Mind, which arose from material systems and yet can serve goals and purposes, is nevertheless a product of historical processes ..' [Edelman, 1994, p.161.]

Edelman's apparently self-contradictory conclusion that the mind looks like an arbitrary Turing machine, but is not, is not in fact a contradiction in terms of his own 'qualified realism'. This because all physical, chemical, biological and psychological transactions occur in the context of a perception of a transaction from Some A to Some B through some common C (with the possibility of influence also from some common modality D that would add in any transitory and undecidable temporal state.)

The object of our attention, that we interrogate with our senses at time1 is a noun, A, and its moments of change entail physical; creation, recreation, and therefore does physical and observable work upon its environment that we label as 'verb C' (doing). i.e. Object to do C.

The effect of this work C in our common context has qualitative attributes that we then label after the fact of time1. Antecedent to time1 is the working process C done by the changing object A at time2. It is a qualitative value judgement relevant to our observations and life processes as Adjective B, where the adjective is the process of transaction and interaction currently in focus for this consciousness.

This precept follows the basic rules of physical chemistry and biology and electricity i.e. Fajan's Rules, osmosis and Ohm's Law etc.

In context under observation as a [T] process language is:

MACRO is NOUN

MESO is VERB

MICRO is ADJECTIVE

Here, the perceptible interaction of the object of our focus within the setting of our focus is attributing some value to our consciousness such that the acquisition of qualitative appreciation or degradation induces personal growth.

This pain, pleasure, aversion or contradiction between the observer and the object is mediated greatly or little at all by the amount of transitional stages involved in the transference down the gradient from the High-energy system to the Low energy system.

In those terms, natural language arises from and is driven by entirely physical processes.

These physical processes readily translate into [T] consciousness and natural language as macro/object/noun, meso/process/verb, micro/quality/adjective. Language and consciousness as we know it therefore is chemically and ontologically derivable in terms of observational focus and learned associations.

It is this focus that becomes the field strength defined by Lewin in terms of levelling and sharpening.

Lewin's idealistic social model of transactions in field theory cannot be sustained directly by the animal behaviour model alone.

Although the animal behaviour model is hormonally driven through; pain, pleasure, stamina and territory the human model must acquire another layer of analogy to account for; intellect, artefacts and information.

I choose the analogy of an invisible foliage of information within the human jungle. This was already suggested by Köhler's objectivist stance on the electromagnetic properties of physical biomass and chemistry, similar to Lewin's ideas. In Wolfgang Köhler's own stance on EM field theory, the psychological process was caused by and dependent on and driven by an electromagnetic field.

Both Lewin and Köhler's who were contemporaries had theories that arose out of the Gestalt school.

Language itself is directly rooted in the observations of objects and their physical transactions with the physical context.

These transactions, in intelligent societies have a history of qualitative judgements, social significance and historical values as tools of; pain, pleasure, aversion or contradiction as conscious attributes attached to their physical behaviour and, or manufacture.

'Linguistic Feeding Behaviour' [LFB], incorporates; physiologically driven mastery responses, nurture, nesting and boundary closure of information systems, and, the introduction and closure of contradictions. The basic physics of objectivism, can therefore fully explain by analogy with self-regulating transaction models e.g. Kauffman S and Langton C in Levy S and also Goodwin B in [Lewin R, 'Complexity, life at the edge of chaos', pub. 1993, Dent, London. ISBN 0-460-86092-5] the emergence of new personal, organic, systemic and social focus in response to arbitrary environmental intrusion and contradiction.

The unusually turbulent challenge to self and society presented by new personal and social and environmental introductions and contradictions, releases more historically solitary information aggregates into the chaotic but eventually self-regulating mixture of information.

Isolated (in terms of analogy with Lewin's 'Field Theory') as 'sharpening', these previously less valuable and unusual aggregates now enter into the re-establishment of equilibrium within the turbulent information, synthesising new attributes that embody, facilitate and encode the perceived changes.

New challenges to; self, social and environmental information arise from the natural order of chaos at various scales of magnitude both internal and external to the immediate context of the self.

These external challenges that include new levels of magnitude and complexity of; pain, pleasure, aversion or contradiction, drive the energy and interactivity levels of the existing complexes to produce greater levels of unity and interactive equivalence.

In terms of Lewin [1952], interactive equivalence is truly ‘social levelling.’

[LFB] Linguistic Feeding Behaviour by the individual can be augmented or hindered by previous social information production and artefact deposition. This creates a topographical bias and steep social gradient created by the activities and results of historical priorities. A society, consisting of the systematic interaction of social; aggregates, simples and complexes emerges in a telic way a more organised and steady state given the consistency of its context with time.

In autocatalytic systems it was found by e.g. Kauffman that data self-organised such that it would most efficiently streamline and regulate its internal physics. Kauffman found that the process of molecular intercommunication gradually eroded the number of unfit or 'sharp' [Lewin 1952] transactions, and increased the number of 'level' [Lewin 1952] or homeostatic interactions.

The laws of physics as pertaining to biology, e.g. the second law of thermodynamics, however, were found by [Langton C, c.1992 CE in Levy S, p.108]] to be wanting as they was not fully able to explain why in biology both emergence and entropy work together to produce construction, destruction and regrowth. Other areas of science e.g. cosmology's 'Big Bang Theory', ‘Schiffler’s Horns’, were at a loss to move on and falsify their bad models which were so-often re-adjusted as to make them unrecoverable [Popper K, 1963, 'Conjectures and Refutations'] as rational conjectures that predicted rational falsifiable results. e.g. 'Big Bang Theory.'

The answer was, however that Langton and the Chaos School were right and, the Linear Reductionists that were also supplying the 20th Century, scientific paradigm with allegations of meaning, were wrong.

Investigations into co-operative self-organising constructs using

Darwinistic principles enabled sophisticated artificial-life worlds to

become published at the Santa Fe Institute.

[e.g. social modelling that ‘extends from the origins of human cultural behaviour to state-level societies … this approach to the evolution of culture may focus on the study of the emergence of collective behaviour from independent agents whose actions are based on evolving individual schemata, leading to the evolution of social structures.’ [Murray Gel-Mann’s prehistoric culture project.]

Models of Complexity in the 'natural' universe were starting to pay dividends at the Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico as early as 1991. e.g's..

· Modelling of Biological Adaptation with the ECHO model, [Forrest and Jones, Santa Fe Institute] modelling biological and interspecies adaptation.

· The Swarm Model, Langton, [SFI]. Swarm is designed for capturing the interactions among a large number of independent agents. The environment is in part determined by the agents, and therefore is modified as a result of their interactions. Swarm is being designed for modelling applications as diverse as ecology, economics, and the evolution of human cultural behaviour.

· Epstein and Axtell [Brookings Institution] have developed Artificial Social Life (ASL). ‘we have also grown entire little proto-histories of society, in which cultural groups – reds and blues – emerge from a primordial ‘soup’, and migrate to separate sugar peaks. The basic ecological principle of carrying capacity – that a given resource base cannot support an indefinite number of agents – is immediately evident.

When the populations grow, they force a diffusion back down into the lowland between the sugar mountains, where combat, and cultural assimilation (modelled as tag flipping) perpetually unfold.’

‘If seasons are introduced, migrators and hibernators emerge.’ [SFI Bulletin, Fall. 1993 vol8, no.2]

An anthropomorphic ‘linguistic intake model’ for man based on

the bio-morphology of physical feeding attributes and behaviour, represents the acquisition of data in man at the level of sophistication that Wolfgang Köhler foresaw in the innate bio-magnetism of man’s life and environment.

Beyond Köhler’s model however, the ‘linguistic intake model’ is driven by the necessary biological and continuous observation of and response to, physical change within self and environment.

This is perceived by the individual as changes in linguistic representations of the object transactions within society and the environment.

In terms of the Köhler analogy, the individual is interacting with an invisible meta-layer of intellectual ‘biomass’.

In man, ‘jaw’ is indicative of social elocution and efficiency, where the male may consume by dictate any social obstacle to release its energy using a process and feeding behaviour called ‘language’.

The human male, its jaw, and the phenotypic structural and ergonomic efficiency of this male attribute (usually indicative of strength to greater or lesser degrees - the more square the more rigid etc) creates a square or cubical effect in the male.

In the female, the reverse is true, where inefficiency and non-contradiction are required, the most able nesting partner tends to have a morphologically slimmer and rounded head or triangular jaw so as not to provoke acts of attention and linguistic feeding from any social process.

The implied phenotypic efficiency in either sex may diminish with age and with biological integrity (i.e. decrepitude.).

INTEGRITY OF BIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND INTELLECT.

With the physical approach to person-centered modelling that took the view: (person (P) - damage (D) at time1 .. time2) the systematic and bio-physical approach to behaviour came with a social penalty.

Bertalanffy responds to the inane social implications within this model of the biological robot.

In 'General System Theory in Psychology and Psychiatry', p.218-219, he quotes (Murray, 1962, pp. 36-54,) stating the case for the robot model.

'Man is a computer, an animal, or an infant. His destiny is completely determined by genes, instincts, accidents, early conditionings and re-inforcements, cultural and social forces. Love is a secondary drive based on hunger and oral sensations or a reaction formation to an innate underlying hate. In the majority of our personological formulations there are no provisions for creativity, no admitted margins of freedom for voluntary decisions, no fitting recognitions of the power of ideals, no bases for selfless actions, no ground at all for any hope that the human race can save itself from the fatality that now confronts it.'

Bertalanffy p.218 criticises the idiom .. 'the tenets of robot psychology, ... the concept of man as a robot was both an expression of and a powerful motive force in industrialised mass society. It was the basis for behavioural engineering in commercial, economic, political and other advertising and propaganda; the expanding economy of the 'affluent society' could not subsist without such manipulation. Only by manipulating humans ever more into Skinnerian rats, robots, buying automata, homeostatically adjusted conformers and opportunists (or, bluntly speaking, into morons and zombies) can this great society follow its progress toward ever increasing gross national product.'

Bertalanffy then illustrates the human problems that arise out of an affluent society experiencing satiety. ... 'Precisely under the conditions of reduction of tensions and gratification of biological needs, novel forms of mental disorder appeared as existential neurosis, malignant boredom, and retirement neurosis (Alexander, 1960), i.e. forms of mental dysfunction originating not from repressed drives, from unfulfilled needs, or from stress but from the meaninglessness of life.'. Bertalanffy required a more flexible model for the human psyche than the rigidity of the robotic model, believing that an 'active personality system' was 'a more adequate conceptual framework for normal and pathological psychology.'

Ludwig von Bertalanffy, pub. 1971, Penguin, 'General System Theory'.

Bertalanffy in 1971, in his bibliography indicates a massive body of social and scientific research dedicated to general system theories.

It was not until the advent of massive computation two decades later at the Santa Fe Institute c.1990, that true perspectives into 'vertical scales' of computational modelling and complexity were to be illustrated.

Later developments in massive computational modelling of self-regulating neural nets simply re-inforced the behaviourist approach to roboticism, developing a homeostatic and flexible system that was never-the-less programmable and robotic.

Such systems were never autocratic, as they were domain and often task specific because they operated with reference to the world of their immediate context, its labels and the arbitrary.

e.g. [from: Coveney P and Highfield R, 'Frontiers of Complexity - the search for order in a chaotic world', pub. 1995, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-16991-0]. 'Kohonen's self-organising neural network differs from the multilayer perceptron and Hopfield nets because it is a single layered, two-dimensional collection of neurons; each input neuron is completely connected to the neurons in this layer. When taught a task, such as converting speech into text, it automatically generates a feature map within the network. (p.307-309). '... The kind of localisation of function seen in real brains emerges naturally in this model.'.

'Grossberg S and Carpenter G developed adaptive resonance theory (ART), (p.141 refers) .. using the Kohonen nets. They are called adaptive nets because they are based on certain biological models of behaviour and cognition. ' ... a small oscillation of the same frequency as the natural vibrations of a mechanical or electrical system can set the system oscillating with a large amplitude - with shattering results, as when an opera singer hits the resonant frequency of a glass. Similarly, information that propagates through an ART network oscillates between the neural layers; during this resonant period, adaptive learning occurs.'

Bertalanffy though had demonstrated the flaws and ills in the reductionist scientific paradigm that would serve to constrict and restrain organic vision into the insensitive domains of tool-enhanced reality where other metaphysical realities may encroach through disassociation from the organic in a mechanistic explanation of reality. ( The process of de-anthropomorphization -Von Bertalanffy, 1937, 1953b).

'Physics necessarily starts with the sensory experience of the eye, the ear, the thermal sense, etc., and thus builds up fields like optics, acoustics, theory of heat, which correspond to the realms of sensory experience. Soon, however, these fields fuse into such that do not have any more relation to the 'visualizable' or 'intuitable': optics and electricity fuse into electromagnetic theory, mechanics and theory of heat into statistical thermodynamics, etc. This evolution is connected with the invention of artificial sense-organs and the replacement of the human observer by the recording instrument. Physics, though starting with everyday experience, soon transgresses it by expanding the universe of experience through artificial sense organs. Thus, for example, instead of seeing only visible light with a wave length between 380 and 760 millimicra, the whole range of electromagnetic radiation, from shortest gamma rays up to radio waves of some kilometres in length, is disclosed. .. with a mechanistic view, we .. enter another metaphysical realm.'

[Bertalanffy, GST, 1971, p.255.]

For Humanity, enduring stress and suffering aids the process of social cohesion in promoting; unity, self awareness, social symmetry and sensitivity (e.g. do unto others as you would have them do unto you), and ecumenical tolerance.

The machine however, operating at greater scales and levels of physical tolerance within e.g. a biological environment, has no such problems with the psychology of systemic stress i.e. pain and aversion.

To a certain extent, there may be 'social co-operation' within equivalent physical systems (species) at all levels of a physical magnitude, but not between all levels of magnitude. (predation)

THE NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Human Souls, from wherever or whatever perfect Universe they come from and relate to come to this Universe and form large soul clusters. In our case, the physical impact of our synthesis produces; desirable and persistent objects and artefacts and information.

They may not always choose to co-operate with their inherited biology though.

In the material Universe, souls are performing the distillation of information processing systems into a cognitive core capable of autocratic self-regulation. e.g. [Roman Law, Justinian c.500 CE]

The intellectual chemistry of soul affiliations and memory retention of previous social interactions, makes possible the evolution of structure, nurture or destruction much in the same way that compatible or incompatible chemicals have the potential for interaction.

If souls are the chemistry, then it is God that is the first cause of our grateful Architecture and of our gardens and 'many mansions' of abundant Aether.

Groups of soul molecules are thus being formed or are forming into artefacts by another perspective. We cannot see it, but teleology gives us a model.

Individual souls may thus mediate between polar opposites and by acquired and innate skills, to utilise the results of the many transactions, and much in the same way that a planet. e.g. Earth, has a specific and biased periodic table. The chemistry of group souls is such that many transactions and ideological artefacts would not be Universally congruent.

Souls may form and operate; monotonic, dualistic, simplex or complex associations and relationships.

The organic/biological idioms have their own 'ideas' that produce classes of artefact. These progress into more specialised tools.

An organism or artefact results from a slowed and differentiated and considered discharge and direction of energy between two systems. E.g. self and the world, or self and self.

The effectiveness of energy release of the object's structure and mechanics contributes efficiency to the end result.. Intellectual feeding contributes to the greater self-regulating umbrella of the whole in Man's Society.

The colours and linguistics and form of such records, record qualitative states of excitement and values that can be attributed to each of the processes commonly viewed and agreed within the group.

Certain social objects may be imbued with representative attributes and issues, and imbued with either; historic, contemporary or projected issues within the group.

These may for example be represented with stable morphology, unstable morphology, positive colouring or negative colouring that may or may not reflect group issues and policies.

In soul group emergence where new souls intercede from elsewhere, their conformity to social resting norms within degrees of transference between and amongst the social aggregates can be measured by the velocity of the transference gradient.

This level or sharp transfer of personal issues may be embodied as distortions in socially created artefacts.

If the innate scaling differences in these beings brought with them from operating previously different forms and social constructs are too high in relation to the agreed social norm, they will cause social distortion.

Linguistic and cultural distortion in; artefacts, beings, and social behaviour may be detectable as depictions of; process breakage or overload or overstatement amongst the cultural, social, or peer group norms, that have been previously agreed.

If the social structures set up by society to facilitate this new shift in attitude are adhered to, and the output of this new body of contradictory soul assets are amenable and agreeable to society such that the perceived distortion in the original cultural assets are removed, then this new incumbent, or set of, is an asset to this social group of souls and their 'a priori' agreements.

An evaluation of a combination of the deviants; social, physical and intellectual tools combined with their social product as material objects would determine the performance and value of a being to society and its agreements.

Questions arise as to whether the output is; context orientated, appreciative, respectful, etc, however at a chemical level of analogy, these 'qualities' are relative judgements. The deviants' facilitative contributions of input (chemically speaking) are perceived in objectivism as 'transitional elements and materials' created and relative to the 'a priori' ontological modelling of our social organism. The 'a priori' social organism and equilibrium is comprised of artificial self-regulating agreements between existing elements of being.

Souls preferring different ratios of high to low [sharpening/levelling and transference] whose life experience originates in new and different cosmic aggregates and intrusions and inclusions will interact with the previously established social equilibrium.

These interactions will have higher than normative transference velocities creating new fusions within existing materials or new products and fusions from within existing materials.

Senses and perceptions and their effects good and bad on the nature of being have been discussed and returned to for millennia in the great traditions of humanity.

The modern case for objectivist perception is still being re-iterated today in the era of massive computation, but had clarity in the 18th Century.

Isaac Newton in Opticks, 1704, ' ... The ... light and rays which appear red, or, rather, make objects appear so I call rubrific or red-making; those which make objects appear yellow, green, blue, and violet, I call yellow-making, green-making, violet-making, and so of the rest. And, if at any time I speak of light and rays as coloured or endued with colours, I would be understood to speak not philosophically and properly, but grossly, and according to such conceptions as ... people in seeing all these experiments would be apt to frame. For the rays, to speak properly, are not coloured. In them there is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that colour. For as sound in a bell, or musical string, or other sounding body, is nothing but a trembling motion, and in the air nothing but that motion propagated from the object, and in the sensorium it is a sense of that motion under the form of sound; so colours in the object are nothing but a disposition to reflect this or that sort of rays more copiously than the rest. In the rays they are nothing but their dispositions to propagate this or that motion into the sensorium, and in the sensorium they are the sensations of those motions under the form of colours.'

[Newton I, 'Opticks': 1704, in Flew A, p.89, 'An Introduction to Western Philosophy', rev. pub. 1989, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27547-5]

The requirement to identify an object in flux with which to reflect on as a noun has been stated by Plotinus c.600 BCE and Descartes in rule 11 of 'rules for the direction of mind'. From the former: 'By reflecting on the mutual dependence of two propositions, we acquire the habit of distinguishing at a glance what is more or less relative, and what the steps are by which a relative fact is related to something absolute.'

Having defined a basic 'natural' transaction model in [A] as; some A to some B through some common C, with the intercession of some D, we are faced with the values of the sense receptors, our material capacities etc to record or retain or peruse the materials and qualities that have interested us.

Descartes in rule 12 of 'rules for the direction of the mind' with additional editorial by Hennessey 2004, : - 'we ought to employ all the aids of understanding, imagination, sense and memory, first for the purpose of having a distinct intuition of simple propositions; partly also in order to compare the (qualitative assessment of) propositions (e.g. transaction observed at time1) to be proved with those we know already (from artefacts and information stored), so that we may be able to recognise their truth; partly also in order to discover the truths, (of the relativity and use of this interesting process), which should be compared with each other so that nothing may be left lacking on which human industry may exercise itself.'

Descartes, however, didn't schedule the interruptions of natural chaos into his system of rules. The finalism, however, was there.

Rule 5, 'method consists entirely in the order and disposition of the objects towards which our mental vision must be directed if we would find out any truth. We shall (attempt to) comply with it exactly if we reduce involved and obscure propositions step by step to those that are simpler, and then starting with the intuitive apprehension of all those that are absolutely simple, attempt to ascend to the knowledge of all others by precisely similar steps.'

As such human social systems based within complex biology assemble through the production of regulatory synthesis and structure, the tools of emergent behavioural activity, the intellectual output require a common medium of constructs - an operating system of language upon which to base mutual reaction and interaction and facilitation.

The processes and motions and transactions observed within the commonality and equivalence of a scale of energy-complexity by an organisation can be recorded as objects, artefacts and information.

The more sophisticated the investment in social growth, facilitation and regulatory evolution, the more 'objects and information' that would be produced in proportion.

[e.g. also Descartes; rule15, rule16.]

Social interaction, then, can be measured in terms of an objectivist and empirical approach to both individual production and individual production in relation to the social necessity.

If the output is to be adjudged healthy, then it must only be sufficient that it appeals to a broader than local, or, regional category of output that is normative. The output would use the attributes of local materials, their transference velocities and complexities and previous transference records to represent a new ordering of knowledge.

SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION IN NEW INCORPORATIONS OF BEING

In certain forms of autism and in the case quoted by Edelman, visual data is completely unrecognised in its raw state of swirling, continuous, fluidic forms of colour.

The mind to certain degrees does not build meaning maps and associations from visual data - relying more upon the catalogue of sounds and their re-inforced associations. [Edelman G, 'Bright Air, Brilliant Fire - on the matter of mind', pub. 1992, Penguin, ISBN 0-1401-7244-0.]

The repeated imposition of sensory data upon the biological template creates meaning and association for the parameters of reality and the boundaries of our personal relativity, our comfort zone and our ideas of personal and social context.

The mind effectively emerges a map to account for the new data at time2 imposed by new kinds of physiological stress and new types of sensory data.

Such physical stresses may severely challenge our psychological and physical integrity.

The biological model, driven by the adrenal gland and the endocrine system challenges the being to invent a new coping strategy or a better aversion strategy such that levels of tolerable comfort in which to study interesting process may again be attained.

In human society, language is the key to achieving a comfortable amount of self-regulation and tool development.

In the social context, objects and what they do and how well they did it in relation to any other is a reality that is framed in language as: nouns, verbs and adjectives.

This pragmatic, evaluative approach enables discourse through recording of symbols (syntax) and their compilation into the description of a transactional process (semantics) and the relevance of this description to the meaning of a social being and being social.

Plotinus, c.250 BCE, Fourth Ennead.32, .. 'Where there is similarity between a thing affected and the thing affecting it, the affection is not alien; where the affecting cause is dissimilar the affection is alien and unpleasant. Such hurtful action of member upon member within one living being (the All), need not seem surprising: within ourselves, in our own activities, one constituent can be harmed by another .. in the vegetal realm one part hurts the other by sucking the moisture from it.'

The internal resonant and self-contained harmony inherent in being is further described by Plotinus. c. 250 BCE

Plotinus, Fourth Ennead.35, .. '.. the being we are considering is a living unity and, therefore, necessarily self-sympathetic: it is under law of reason, and therefore the unfolding process of its life must be self-accordant; that life has no haphazard, but knows only harmony and ordinance: all the groupings follow reason: all single beings within it, all the members of this living whole in their choral dance are under a rule of Number.'

The universal transaction of high energy to low energy through a common medium versus some other intercession challenges individual integrity. In society, such challenges can be confusing in terms of its significance and the relationship with self and other and the medium of syntax.

Descartes in his 'Objections against the meditations, and replies', [1641], number4, outlines the problem .. 'Let us assume that a certain man is quite sure that the angle in a semi-circle is a right angle and that hence the triangle made by this angle and the diameter is right-angled; but suppose he questions he questions and has not yet firmly apprehended, nay, let us imagine that, misled by some fallacy, he denies that the square on its base is equal to the squares on the sides of the right angle.'. But I clearly and distinctly understand that this triangle is right-angled, without comprehending that the square on its base is equal to the squares on its sides. Hence God at least can create a right-angled triangle, the square on the base of which is not equal to the squares on its sides. I do not see what reply can here be made, except that the man in question does not perceive clearly that the triangle is right-angled. But whence do I obtain any perception of the nature of my mind clearer than that which he has of the nature of the triangle.'

'I think, the idea that I form of the self, which is in this way an object of thought, represents me to my mind as merely a thinking being, since it has been derived from my thinking alone.

And hence from this idea, no argument can be drawn to prove that nothing more belongs to my essence than what the idea contains.'

In this latter sentence, Descartes shows that, although driven by objectivism to identify the essence of social and structural perception - and those beings who refuse to or cannot reason, is missing out on the other aspects of social atmosphere and intercourse described in the semantics and syntax of 17th Century Holland.

The being, whether unagreeable or disagreeable, has a commonality and equivalence of social life in the society it has chosen to incorporate within. The society has 'a priori' established its own rules for growth and life, self-regulation and nurture and pragmatic discourse and those other rules that may or may not facilitate new output from new input and unfamiliar transference velocities.

Plotinus c.250 BCE, in the Fourth Ennead V.4 writes of the medium in which the transference gradients of 20th Century Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Lewin in their field theories in psychology takes place.

'... the sympathetic quality of the universe depends upon its being one living thing, and that our amenability to experience depends upon our belonging integrally to that unity; would it not follow that continuity is a condition of any perception of a remote object?

The explanation is that continuity and its concomitant, the bridging substance, come into play because a living being must be a continuous thing, but that, none the less, the receiving of impression is not an essentially necessary result of continuity; if it were, everything would receive such impression from everything else, and if thing is affected by thing in various separate orders, there can be no further question of any universal need of intervening substance.'.

The local etheric transfer gradients have their own normative velocities from new emergence and of the transference within and between the existing aggregates and their existing ratios.

It is here that Scottish society resides.

From these ratios and proportions therefore, emerge our physical context in which our artefacts and information, tools, and pragmatic discourses emerge and are retained for objective analysis on their social relevance to our social regulation and intercourse.

If our knowledge of social beauty is not 'a priori' then it is possible that it will undergo a degradation of new and emergent physical ratios and velocities that produce new information formats and

social objects.

Existing artefact manufacture in a social system of; semantic and pragmatic relativity, i.e. meanings applied to the world context via the common medium of syntax and language can be considered to be tool-making behaviour.

This activity provides resolutions or bridges between differences within social discontinuity releasing the discharge of energy into the social regulatory mechanism.

i.e. in the words of Lewin [1952] - 'levelling' - a social and communal equivalence.

Sharp contrasts in social behaviour (e.g. artefact and information production) are defined by Lewin as 'sharpening' and are defined as anti-social.

As self is in a causal equilibrium with an imperfect world and the identity aspires towards perfect solutions at any given time in relation to the integrity and capacity of the self, the release of the tool-strategy investment of 'feeding' or 'bridging' energies must be in the context of a continuity to which it is directly related.

Within a stable, secure and perpetual society, the capacities for lateral thinking between scales of aggregates and new aggregate ratios and scales and their transference velocities and consequent products will emerge in the more regulated levels of telic order for the benefit of the whole.

The ongoing danger to society and social evolution of unregulated social aberrance is as relevant today in the early 21st Century as it was when Thomas Carlyle in 1865, published 'Sartor Resartus'.

'To say all this, in never so many dialects is saying little. 'Glasgow Thuggery', 'Glasgow Thugs', it is a very witty nickname: the practise of number 60 - entering his dark room, to contract for and settle the price of blood with operative assassins, in a Christian city, once distinguished by its rigorous Christianism, is doubtless a fact worthy of all horror.'

'How inexpressibly useful were true insight into it, a genuine understanding by the upper classes of society what it is that the underclasses truly mean: a clear interpretation of the thought which at heart torments these wild inarticulate souls, struggling there, with wild inarticulate uproar, like dumb creatures in pain unable to speak what is in them.

Something they do mean; some true thing withal, in the centre of their confused hearts created by heaven too.

To the heaven it is clear what this: to us not clear.

Would that it were. Perfect clearness on it were equivalent to remedy of it.

For as is well said, all battle is misunderstanding did the parties know one another, the battle would cease.

No man at bottom means injustice; it is always for some obscure distorted image of a right that he contends; an obscure image diffracted, exaggerated, in dimness and selfishness, getting tenfold more diffracted by exasperation of contest till at length it become all but irrecognisable, yet still the image of a right.'

It is in the interests of society to evaluate the 'obscure and distorted images' [e.g. Carlyle, Descartes, Plotinus,] resulting from the conscious activity within the incorporation of being, lest new emergence rates in the ether destroy and tear our normative ratios of peace and excellence apart. By facilitating new kinds of being and consciousness in these new material aggregates, a normative social stasis within a temporal fixture in an ever changing universe that is not monitored for such distortion, will be prone to de-regulation and dis-integration.

'Relatively unmediated discharges of high velocity between massive clashes of scale in society will cause distortion. i.e. an undesired change in waveform. Physically and empirically, these can be evaluated as;

a. a non-linear relation between input and output at a given frequency.

b. a non-uniform transmission across different frequencies.

c. a phase shift that is not proportional to the base frequencies.

Within physical systems such as electrical engineering, distortion tolerances within the aggregates and ratios in the materials produce reactive compensations such as; field time distortion and other forms of delay whilst intermodulation of the resonant components takes place.'

['Standard Dictionary of Electronic and Electrical Terms', pub.1988, edn.4, IEEE, NewYork, ISBN 155937-0009, p.280-281.]